Fuel cell systems with maintenance hydration by displacement of primary power

ABSTRACT

Fuel cell systems that perform maintenance hydration by supplying power to satisfy at least part of an applied load from an energy-consuming assembly while a primary power source is in electrical communication with and available to supply power to the energy-consuming assembly to satisfy the portion of the applied load being satisfied by the fuel cell system. In some embodiments, a fuel cell system may determine a start time, or start condition, for maintenance of the fuel cell system. The fuel cell system then may be activated from an inactive condition according to the start time, or start condition, by initiating delivery of at least fuel, and optionally oxidant, to a fuel cell stack of the system. Power then may be supplied from the activated fuel cell system at an output voltage that is higher than a voltage at which power from the primary power source is being supplied, such that the applied load is satisfied, at least in part, by the power from the fuel cell system instead of the power from the primary power source. Upon operation of the fuel cell system for a period sufficient to rehydrate the fuel cell stack, operation of the fuel cell system may be discontinued, with the primary power source resuming supplying power to satisfy the applied load from the energy-consuming assembly.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is directed generally to fuel cell systems, andmore particularly to fuel cell systems that perform maintenancehydration by supplying power to satisfy at least part of an applied loadfrom an energy-consuming assembly while a primary power source is inelectrical communication with and available to supply power to theenergy-consuming assembly.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Fuel cell stacks are electrochemical devices that produce water and anelectrical potential from a fuel, such as a proton source, and anoxidant. Many conventional fuel cell stacks utilize hydrogen gas as theproton source and oxygen gas, air, or oxygen-enriched air as theoxidant. Fuel cell stacks typically include many fuels cells that arefluidly and electrically coupled together between common end plates.Each fuel cell includes an anode region and a cathode region that areseparated by an electrolytic barrier. In some fuel cells, theelectrolytic barrier takes the form of an electrolytic membrane.Hydrogen gas is delivered to the anode region, and oxygen gas isdelivered to the cathode region. Protons from the hydrogen gas are drawnthrough the electrolytic barrier to the cathode region, where water isformed. While protons may pass through the electrolytic barrier,electrons cannot. Instead, the electrons that are liberated fromhydrogen gas travel through an external circuit to form an electriccurrent.

Fuel cell systems may be designed to be the primary and/or backup powersource for an energy-consuming assembly that includes one or moreenergy-consuming devices. When implemented as a backup, or auxiliary,power source for an energy-consuming assembly, the fuel cell system isutilized during times when the primary power source is unable orunavailable to satisfy some or all of the energy demand, or appliedload, of the energy-consuming assembly.

The electrolytic membranes of some fuel cell systems, such as protonexchange membranes (PEM), or solid polymer fuel cell systems, generallyneed a proper level of hydration to allow the electrolytic membranes tofunction efficiently for generation of electrical output. Duringgeneration of power by a fuel cell system, water for membrane hydrationis generated by electrochemical reaction. However, during periods ofinactivity, which are common for fuel cell systems that are utilized asan auxiliary (i.e. backup) power supply, the electrolytic membranes havea tendency to dry out as their period of inactivity increases. As aresult, the ability of the fuel cell system to reliably and efficientlyprovide power when needed may be reduced substantially. One approach tomaintaining hydration is to connect the fuel cell system to anartificial, or “dummy,” load, such as one or more resistors or lightassemblies, and then to operate the fuel cell system periodically tosupply power to the artificial load. This load-applying structure isreferred to as an artificial load because it is present primarily toenable the fuel cell system to generate an electrical output bysatisfying the applied load. However, the artificial load increases thesize, weight and/or expense of the fuel cell system. Furthermore, otherthan providing maintenance, powering the artificial load wasteselectrical output—and thus fuel—and may generate substantial heat in ornear the fuel cell system. Accordingly, new approaches are needed formaintaining the readiness of fuel cell systems serving as backup powersources.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is directed generally to fuel cell systems, andmore particularly to fuel cell systems that perform maintenancehydration by supplying power to satisfy at least part of an applied loadfrom an energy-consuming assembly while a primary power source is inelectrical communication with and available to supply power to theenergy-consuming assembly to satisfy the portion of the applied loadbeing satisfied by the fuel cell system. In some embodiments, a fuelcell system may determine a start time, or start condition, formaintenance of the fuel cell system. The fuel cell system then may beactivated from an inactive condition according to the start time, orstart condition, by initiating delivery of at least fuel, and optionallyoxidant, to a fuel cell stack of the system. Power then may be suppliedfrom the activated fuel cell system at an output voltage that is higherthan a voltage at which power from the primary power source is beingsupplied, such that the applied load is satisfied, at least in part, bythe power from the fuel cell system instead of the power from theprimary power source. Upon operation of the fuel cell system for aperiod sufficient to rehydrate the fuel cell stack, operation of thefuel cell system may be discontinued, with the primary power sourceresuming supplying power to satisfy the applied load from theenergy-consuming assembly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of selected portions of an illustrative powerdelivery network supplying power from a primary power source to satisfyan applied load of an energy-consuming assembly while a fuel cell systemfor backup power in the network is inactive, in accordance with aspectsof the present disclosure.

FIG. 2A is a schematic view of the illustrative power delivery networkof FIG. 1 during maintenance hydration of the fuel cell system, with thefuel cell system supplying power at a voltage sufficient to satisfy atleast a portion of the applied load of the energy-consuming assemblywhile the primary power source is available to supply power to satisfythe portion of the applied load being supplied by the fuel cell system,in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2B is a schematic view of the illustrative power delivery networkof FIG. 1 during standard operation of the fuel cell system as a backuppower source, with the fuel cell system supplying power to satisfy atleast a portion of the applied load of the energy-consuming assemblywhile the primary power source is not available or is supplyinginsufficient power to satisfy the entire applied load, in accordancewith aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is another schematic view of the illustrative power deliverynetwork of FIG. 1 showing additional illustrative components, aspects,and features that may be present in the power delivery network, inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of selected aspects of an illustrative fuelcell, as may be used in fuel cell stacks according to the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart for an illustrative method of performingmaintenance hydration of a fuel cell system in the power deliverynetwork of FIGS. 1-3, in accordance with aspects of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 6 is a fragmentary flowchart for selected portions of theillustrative method of FIG. 5, including an illustrative approach toregulating voltage in the method, in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a fragmentary flowchart for selected portions of theillustrative method of FIG. 5, including an illustrative approach tomonitoring stability of the power supplied from the fuel cell system, inaccordance with aspects of present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary flowchart for selected portions of theillustrative method of FIG. 5, including an illustrative approach fortesting an applied load prior to initiating fuel delivery, in accordancewith aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a fragmentary flowchart for selected portions of theillustrative method of FIG. 5, including an illustrative approach toregulating the voltage of the fuel cell system according to a measuredvoltage of the primary power source, in accordance with aspects of thepresent disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND BEST MODE OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is directed to fuel cell systems that performmaintenance hydration by supplying power to satisfy at least part of anapplied load of an energy-consuming assembly. The fuel cell system maysupply power while a primary power source is in electrical communicationwith and available for satisfying some or all of the energy needs of theenergy-consuming assembly. In particular, the fuel cell system maydisplace at least a portion of primary power supplied from a primarypower source by supplying power to the energy-consuming assembly at ahigher voltage than the voltage at which the primary power is beingsupplied to the energy-consuming assembly. Accordingly, the fuel cellsystem may be supplying power, which also may be referred to herein asan electrical output, to satisfy at least a portion of an applied loadfrom an energy-consuming assembly while a primary power source, which isnominally configured to satisfy this applied load, is available tosatisfy the portion of the applied load being satisfied by the fuel cellsystem during the maintenance hydration period.

During this maintenance hydration period, the fuel cell system maygenerate water for maintenance hydration for one or more fuel cellstacks in the fuel cell system as a byproduct of supplying power to theenergy-consuming assembly. In some examples, the higher voltage of thefuel cell system may be selected (1) based on an expected or known(e.g., measured) voltage of the primary power source, and/or (2) byincreasing the voltage of the fuel cell system until the fuel cellsystem is generating sufficient electrical output for maintenancehydration to be performed. Fuel cell systems with maintenance hydrationaccording to the present disclosure may (but are not required to) offersubstantial advantages over other approaches to maintenance hydration,such as more efficient use of fuel, less generation of heat locally,and/or a smaller increase, if any, in the size/weight of the fuel cellsystems, among others.

FIGS. 1, 2A, and 2B show an illustrative power delivery network 20 inwhich a fuel cell system 22 is inactive (FIG. 1), performing maintenancehydration (FIG. 2A), or providing backup power (FIG. 2B). Power deliverynetwork 20 may include a primary power source 24 in electricalcommunication, as indicated at 26, with an energy-consuming assembly 28,which applies a load 30 (see FIG. 1). Primary power source 24 may supplyprimary power 32 to energy-consuming assembly 28 at a voltage 34 (V) tosatisfy the applied load, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2A. Fuel cell system22 also may be in (and/or switchable into) electrical communication withenergy-consuming assembly 28, as indicated at 36.

Fuel cell system 22 may serve as an auxiliary power source 38, whichalso may be termed a backup power source, for the power deliverynetwork. The fuel cell system thus may not be needed for powergeneration while the primary power source is operating normally. Thefuel cell system thus may generate no power, as indicated at 40 and by adashed line of electrical communication, if maintenance is not beingperformed and the primary power source is available and able to satisfythe entire applied load. Accordingly, due to inactivity of the fuel cellsystem over time, a fuel cell stack 42 of fuel cell system 22 may becomedehydrated, schematically indicated at 44 in FIG. 1, as water is lostthrough evaporation from fuel cells 46 of the fuel cell stack withoutbeing replenished by water formed during power generation.Alternatively, or in addition, inactivity of the fuel cell system mayreduce efficiency by one or more other mechanisms such as catalyticoxidation and/or poisoning of the fuel cell stack. In any case, overtime, the health of the fuel cell system may decline and the system maysuffer a loss of performance if the system is not operated periodically.

FIG. 2A shows power delivery network 20 during maintenance operation offuel cell system 22, particularly maintenance hydration of fuel cellstack 42 of the system. Fuel cell system 22 may supply fuel cell power,or electrical output, 48, by generating an electric current at a voltage50 (V+) sufficient to satisfy at least a portion of load 30 ofenergy-consuming assembly 28. In particular, the fuel cell system maysupply fuel cell power 48 to the energy-consuming assembly at a highervoltage 50 (V+) then the voltage 34 (V) at which primary power 32 isbeing supplied to the energy-consuming assembly, such that the fuel cellpower supersedes at least a portion of the primary power being suppliedto the energy-consuming assembly. Stated differently, the higher voltageof the fuel cell power may cause the energy-consuming assembly toconsume fuel cell power in place of or in preference to at least aportion, at least most, and/or at least substantially all of the primarypower that was being consumed by the energy-consuming assembly beforefuel cell maintenance was initiated and while the primary power sourceis otherwise available to satisfy this portion of the applied load. As aresult, the fuel cell system may generate sufficient power to form water52 that increases hydration of the fuel cell stack, which may bedescribed as hydrating the fuel cell stack.

FIG. 2B shows power delivery network 20 during standard operation of thefuel cell system 22. With standard operation, the fuel cell system maybe providing backup power to satisfy at least a portion or all of theapplied load 30 of the energy-consuming assembly 28 while the primarypower source is not available or is not supplying sufficient power tosatisfy the entire applied load. For example, and as schematicallyillustrated in FIG. 2B, the primary power source is not available andthus is supplying no power to the energy-consuming assembly, asindicated by a dashed line at 54. When supplying backup power, the fuelcell system 22 may supply power at, for example, the higher voltage 50(V+) used for maintenance hydration (see FIG. 2A), at the lower voltage34 (V) at which primary power is typically supplied to theenergy-consuming assembly, or at any other suitable voltage.

Power may be supplied to energy-consuming assembly 28 in any suitableform. For example, both the fuel cell system 22 and primary power source24 may supply power as direct current (DC) or as alternating current(AC). As an illustrative, non-exclusive example, and for the purposes ofillustration only, the primary power source may supply DC primary powerat a voltage of fifty-four volts and the fuel cell system may overridethe primary power by supplying DC fuel cell power at a voltage that isgreater than fifty-four volts, such as a voltage of fifty-five volts,fifty-six volts, at least fifty-five volts, etc. Overriding the primarypower also may be described as displacing or superseding at least aportion of the primary power.

FIG. 3 shows additional illustrative components, aspects, and featuresthat may be, but are not necessarily required to be, included in powerdelivery network 20. The network may include a fuel cell system 22according to the present disclosure and also illustrates a non-exclusiveexample of how fuel cell system 22 may be integrated into a powerdelivery network and further illustrates additional aspects and featuresthat optionally may be included in fuel cell system 22, whether or notthe fuel cell system is being used as a primary or backup power sourcein power delivery network 20.

Power delivery network 20 may include an energy-consuming assembly 28and an energy-producing system 60. The energy-producing system mayinclude a primary power source 24, an auxiliary (or backup) power source38 (e.g., fuel cell system 22), and, optionally, an energy-storage powersource 62.

Energy-consuming assembly 28 includes at least one energy-consumingdevice 64 and is adapted to be powered by energy-producing system 60,for example, by primary power source 24, auxiliary power source 38,and/or energy-storage power source 62. Expressed in slightly differentterms, energy-consuming assembly 28 includes at least oneenergy-consuming device 64 that is in electrical communication with theenergy-producing system via load circuit 66. The energy-consumingassembly may be powered by only one power source at a time or may bepowered, in part, by two or more power sources at the same time. Whenpowered by two or more power sources at the same time, the collectivepower output may be delivered to the energy-consuming assembly,optionally with distinct subsets of energy-consuming devices 64 beingpowered by distinct power sources.

Energy-consuming device(s) 64 may be electrically coupled to primarypower source 24, auxiliary power source 38 (fuel cell system 22), and/orto one or more optional energy-storage devices 62 included in powerdelivery network 20. Device(s) 64 may apply a load 30 to a power source,such as fuel cell system 22, and may draw an electric current from thepower source to satisfy the load. This load may be referred to as anapplied load, and may include thermal and/or electrical load(s). It iswithin the scope of the present disclosure that the applied load may besatisfied by the fuel cell system 22, primary power source 24, and/orthe energy-storage device 62. Illustrative, non-exclusive examples ofenergy-consuming devices 64 may include wheeled vehicles (e.g., cars,trucks, recreational vehicles, motorcycles, etc.), on-board vehiclecomponents, aircraft, boats and other sea craft, lights and lightingassemblies, tools, appliances, computers, industrial equipment,signaling and communications equipment, radios, battery chargers, one ormore households, one or more residences, one or more commercial officesor buildings, one or more neighborhoods, or any suitable combinationthereof, among others.

The energy-consuming assembly is adapted to apply a load toenergy-producing system 60. The load typically includes at least oneelectrical load. The primary power source is (nominally) adapted tosatisfy that load (i.e., by providing a sufficient power output to theenergy-consuming assembly), and the auxiliary power source is(nominally) adapted to provide a power output to at least partially, ifnot completely, satisfy the applied load when the primary power sourceis unable or otherwise unavailable to do so (when the fuel cell systemis providing backup power) or is available (when the fuel cell system isperforming maintenance). These power outputs may additionally oralternatively be referred to herein as electrical outputs. The powerand/or electrical outputs may be described as having a current and avoltage. Although not required, it is within the scope of the presentdisclosure that the auxiliary power source is adapted to immediatelysatisfy this applied load upon the primary power source being unable todo so. In other words, it is within the scope of the present disclosurethat the auxiliary power source is adapted to provide energy-consumingassembly 28 with an uninterruptible power supply, or an uninterruptedsupply of power. By this it is meant that the auxiliary power source maybe configured to provide a power output that satisfies the applied loadfrom energy-consuming assembly 28 in situations where the primary powersource is not able or available to satisfy this load, with the auxiliarypower source being adapted to provide this power output sufficientlyfast that the power supply to the energy-consuming assembly is not, ornot noticeably, interrupted. By this it is meant that the power outputmay be provided sufficiently fast that the operation of theenergy-consuming assembly is not stopped or otherwise negativelyimpacted.

The energy-consuming assembly may be disposed in electricalcommunication with the primary and auxiliary power sources via anysuitable power conduit(s), such as schematically represented at 68 inFIG. 3. The primary power source and auxiliary power source may bedescribed as having electrical buses in communication with each otherand the energy-consuming assembly.

Energy-consuming assembly 28 may be adapted to be primarily, orprincipally, powered by primary power source 24. Primary power source 24may be any suitable source of a suitable power output 32 for satisfyingthe applied load from the energy-consuming assembly. For example,primary power source 24 may include, correspond to, or be part of anelectrical utility grid, another fuel cell system, a solar power system,a wind power system, a nuclear power system, a turbine-based powersystem, a hydroelectric power system, etc.

FIG. 3 schematically depicts that power delivery network 20 may, but isnot required to, include at least one energy-storage device 62, such asa battery assembly 70 of one or more batteries 72. The battery assemblymay include any suitable type and number of cells, such as a pluralityof batteries or cells arranged in series or in parallel, and may bereferred to as a battery assembly that includes at least one battery 72and an optional battery charger. When battery assembly 70 includes twoor more batteries, the battery assembly may include, or be in electricalcommunication with, a rectifier or other suitable device for equalizingand/or normalizing the charge and/or electrical output of the batteries.

Energy-storage device 62, when included, may be adapted to store atleast a portion of the electrical output, or power output, 48 from fuelcell stack 42 of fuel cell system 22 or the power from the primary powersource, such as to charge the batteries and/or equalize charges amongand/or between batteries. Illustrative, non-exclusive examples of othersuitable energy-storage devices that may be used in place of or incombination with one or more batteries include capacitors,ultracapacitors, and/or supercapacitors. Another illustrative example isa fly wheel. Energy-storage device 62 may be configured to provide powerto energy-consuming devices 64, such as to satisfy an applied loadtherefrom, when the fuel cell stack is not able to do so or when thefuel cell stack is not able to completely satisfy the applied load.Energy-storage device 62 may additionally or alternatively be used topower the fuel cell system 22 during start-up of the fuel cell system.

Power delivery network 20 may, but is not required to, include at leastone power-management module 74. Power-management module 74 includes anysuitable structure or device(s) for conditioning or otherwise regulatingthe electrical output produced by primary power source 24, auxiliarypower source 38, and/or energy-storage power source 62, and/or beingdelivered to/from energy-consuming devices 64. Power-management module74 may include such illustrative devices as buck and/or boostconverters, rectifiers, inverters, power filters, relays, switches, orany combination thereof, among others. In some embodiments, the powerdelivery network may include at least one power-management module 74operatively coupled to an output circuit 76 of the fuel cell system andincluding a voltage adjustment mechanism 78 for changing the outputvoltage 50 at which the fuel cell system is supplying (or attempting tosupply) power to energy-consuming assembly 28 and/or energy-storagedevice 62. As described in more detail below, voltage adjustmentmechanism 78 may be coupled to a control system of the fuel cell system,to control operation of the voltage adjustment mechanism.

Power delivery network 20 may, but is not required to, include one ormore sensors 80. The sensors 80 may be configured to measure one or moreelectrical characteristics and/or non-electrical characteristics for anysuitable portion of the network or the ambient environment. Whenpresent, sensors 80 may include one or more electrical sensors formeasuring an electrical characteristic of the power delivery network.For example, the electrical sensor(s) may include an auxiliary outputsensor 82 included in and/or operatively coupled to output circuit 76for measuring an electrical characteristic of the fuel cell output.Alternatively, or in addition, the electrical sensors may include aprimary output sensor 84 included in and/or operatively coupled to anoutput circuit 86 of the primary power source 24 for measuring anelectrical characteristic of primary power 32, and/or the electricalsensor(s) may include a load sensor 88 included in and/or operativelycoupled to load circuit 66 for measuring an electrical characteristic ofthe load. The electrical sensor may measure any suitable electricalcharacteristic and/or combination of electrical characteristics, such asoutput current, voltage, resistance, impedance, and/or capacitance,among others.

Each electrical sensor is indicated in FIG. 3 as being associated with apower-management module 74. However, although each electrical sensor maybe associated with and/or integrated into the power-management module,it is also within the scope of the present disclosure that theelectrical sensor may be a discrete device and/or assembly of devices.In addition, the electrical sensor may be positioned in any suitablelocation with respect to a power-management module 74, such as closer toor farther from a corresponding power source (or the energy-consumingassembly), or may be used without a power-management module 74 in thecorresponding circuit (e.g., in the auxiliary, primary, or loadcircuit).

The power delivery network 20 and/or fuel cell system 22 optionally mayinclude one or more sensors 80 for measuring one or more othercharacteristics of the network 20, fuel cell system 22, or ambientenvironment and communicating these values to a controller. For example,sensor 80 may be an ambient temperature sensor 94 for measuring anambient temperature. Alternatively, or in addition, sensor 80 may be atemperature sensor 96 for measuring a temperature in or near the fuelcell system 22 (e.g., the temperature of the fuel cell stack 42 and/orof reactants (and/or the exhaust) upstream of and/or downstream from thefuel cell stack). Furthermore, sensor 80 may be a hydration sensor 98 infuel cell stack 42, a humidity sensor 100 for measuring ambient orsystem humidity, or the like. Illustrative temperature sensors that maybe suitable include thermistors, thermocouples, infrared thermometers,electrical resistance thermometers, mercury-in-glass thermometers,silicon bandgap temperature sensors, coulomb blockade thermometers, andthe like. Illustrative hydration and/or humidity sensors that may besuitable include hygrometers, impedance sensors (e.g., measuring theimpedance of the fuel cell stack or a portion thereof), electrolyticsensors, color indicators, spectroscopic sensors, or the like.

Fuel cell system 22 may include at least one reactant delivery system110 that is adapted to deliver reactants to the at least one fuel cellstack 42. The fuel cell stack, in turn, is adapted to produce anelectric current from reaction of the reactants in fuel cells 46 of thefuel cell stack. The reactants generally include a fuel 112, such ashydrogen gas 114, and an oxidant 116, such as oxygen gas 118 (or air oranother oxygen-containing gas that is suitable for use as an oxidant bythe fuel cell stack).

Fuel 112 and oxidant 116 may be delivered to the fuel cells 46 in fuelcell stack 42 from at least one fuel source, or fuel supply, 120 and atleast one oxidant source, or oxidant supply, 122. The fuel and oxidantmay be delivered by the same or separate delivery systems 110. As such,in some embodiments, the fuel cell system may be described as includinga reactant delivery system 110 that is adapted to deliver streams offuel and oxidant from the respective fuel and oxidant supplies, orsources. In some embodiments, the reactant delivery system and/or thefuel cell system may be described as including a fuel delivery system124 and/or an oxidant delivery system 126. When the fuel is hydrogen gasand the oxidant is air, the fuel delivery system may be referred to as ahydrogen delivery system and the oxidant delivery system may be referredto as an air delivery system.

The reactant delivery system and/or fuel cell system containing the fuelcells to be hydrated may be described as including, and/or being influid communication with, a suitable conduit structure, or conduitassembly, 128. Conduit assembly 128 provides at least one fluid conduitthrough which fuel (such as hydrogen gas) may be delivered from the fuelsource to the anode regions of the fuel cell stack, and at least oneconduit through which air or other suitable oxidant may be deliveredfrom the oxidant source to the cathode regions of the fuel cell stack.

Furthermore, and as discussed in more detail herein, when it isdesirable to hydrate fuel cells in the fuel cell stack after periods ofinactivity, the conduit assembly and/or reactant delivery system isselectively adapted to deliver fuel to the anode regions of the fuelcells to be hydrated and oxidant to the cathode regions of the fuelcells to be hydrated. The reactant delivery system and/or conduitassembly may have a power-generating configuration, as schematicallyillustrated here, with one or more fuel conduits, or fuel lines, 130that carry a stream 132 of fuel 112 from fuel source 120 to anoderegions of the fuel cells, and one or more oxidant conduits, or oxidantlines, 134 that carry a stream 136 of oxidant 116 from oxidant source122 to the cathode regions of the fuel cells.

Fuel source 120 and oxidant source 122 each may include any suitablemechanism(s) for storing, generating, and/or supplying fuel 112 andoxidant 116. Each source may be a closed system that is hermeticallysealed or may be an open system that is open to the ambient atmosphere(such as an air supply that draws air from the ambient atmosphere). Ifstructured as a closed system, the fuel/oxidant source may (but is notrequired to) include a vessel, such as a tank, for containing the fuel(or a fuel feedstock) or oxidant. The vessel may be capable ofwithstanding an increased internal pressure, such that the contents ofthe vessel may be pressurized above atmospheric pressure. The vessel mayhave any suitable position relative to the fuel cell stack. For example,the vessel may be positioned to provide an internal source, that is, afuel/oxidant source inside a housing that holds both the vessel and thefuel cell stack, or the vessel may be positioned in a spaced relation tothe fuel cell stack to provide an external source. The external sourcemay be nearby, for example, in the same room and/or building or on thesame grounds as the fuel cell stack, or the external source may beremote from the fuel cell stack, such as a fuel (or oxidant) sourceoperated by a municipal supplier or a power company.

Oxidant source 122 may include any suitable structure for providing asufficient quantity of oxidant (e.g., oxygen, air, or other suitableoxidant) to the fuel cell stack at a suitable pressure for use in thefuel cell stack. In some embodiments, the oxidant source may include adrive mechanism for urging oxidant to the fuel cell stack. The drivemechanism may include or be a blower, fan, or other lower pressuresource of oxidant. Alternatively, or in addition, the drive mechanismmay include or be a compressor, pump, or other source of higher pressureoxidant. In some embodiments, the oxidant source may be adapted toprovide oxygen-enriched or nitrogen-depleted air to the fuel cell stack.In some embodiments, air for the fuel cell stack is drawn from theenvironment proximate the fuel cell stack, and in some embodiments, nodrive mechanism is utilized to propel oxidant to the fuel cell stack(e.g., to provide an “open cathode,” or “air-breathing,” design).Non-exclusive examples of suitable sources 122 of oxygen gas 118 includea pressurized tank of oxygen, oxygen-enriched air, or air; or a fan,compressor, blower or other device for directing ambient air to thecathode regions of the fuel cells in the fuel cell stack.

Fuel source 120 may provide generation and/or storage of the hydrogengas or other fuel in any suitable form. The fuel may be in a molecularform suitable for use in the fuel cell stack or may be in a precursorform (a feedstock) that is processed to produce the fuel by changing themolecular structure of the precursor form. If stored as fuel rather thanas a feedstock, the fuel may be in an unbound form (e.g., as a gas orliquid) that is available on demand or may be in a bound (e.g.,adsorbed) form that must be released in order to use the fuel in thefuel cell stack. Examples of suitable fuel sources 120 for hydrogen gas114 include a pressurized tank, a metal hydride bed or other suitablehydrogen storage device, a chemical hydride (such as a solution ofsodium borohydride), and/or a fuel processor or other hydrogengeneration assembly 138 that produces a stream containing pure or atleast substantially pure hydrogen gas from at least one feedstock.

In some embodiments, the fuel source may include a hydrogen-generationassembly 138 adapted to produce a product hydrogen stream containinghydrogen gas 114 as a majority component. For example, the productstream may contain pure or substantially pure hydrogen gas. The hydrogengeneration assembly may include a hydrogen-producing assembly, or fuelprocessing region, that includes at least one hydrogen-producing regionin which hydrogen gas is produced from one or more feedstocks. Thehydrogen generation assembly also may include a feedstock deliverysystem that is adapted to deliver the one or more feedstocks to thehydrogen-producing region in one or more feed streams. The feedstockdelivery system may be adapted to deliver the feed stream(s) at asuitable condition and flow rate for producing the desired flow ofhydrogen gas therefrom. The feedstock delivery system may receive thefeedstocks from a pressurized source and/or may include at least onepump or other suitable propulsion mechanism for selectively deliveringthe feedstock(s) under pressure to the hydrogen-generation assembly. Thehydrogen-producing region may be adapted to produce hydrogen gas as aprimary, or majority, reaction product through any suitable chemicalprocess or combination of processes.

Examples of suitable mechanisms for producing hydrogen gas from one ormore feed streams include steam reforming and autothermal reforming, inwhich reforming catalysts are used to produce hydrogen gas from a feedstream containing a carbon-containing feedstock and water. Othersuitable mechanisms for producing hydrogen gas include pyrolysis andcatalytic partial oxidation of a carbon-containing feedstock, in whichcase the feed stream does not contain water. Still another suitablemechanism for producing hydrogen gas is electrolysis, in which case thefeedstock may be water. Illustrative, non-exclusive examples of suitablecarbon-containing feedstocks include at least one hydrocarbon oralcohol. Illustrative, non-exclusive examples of suitable hydrocarbonsinclude methane, propane, natural gas, diesel, kerosene, gasoline andthe like. Illustrative, non-exclusive examples of suitable alcoholsinclude methanol, ethanol, and polyols, such as ethylene glycol andpropylene glycol. It is within the scope of the present disclosure thatthe fuel processor may be adapted to produce hydrogen gas by utilizingmore than a single hydrogen-producing mechanism.

In many applications, it is desirable for hydrogen-generation assembly138 to produce at least substantially pure hydrogen gas. Accordingly,the hydrogen-generation assembly may include one or morehydrogen-producing regions that utilize a process that inherentlyproduces sufficiently pure hydrogen gas, or the hydrogen-generationassembly may include suitable purification and/or separation devicesthat remove impurities from the hydrogen gas produced in thehydrogen-producing region. As another example, the hydrogen-generationassembly may include purification and/or separation devices that aredownstream from the hydrogen-producing region and adapted to reduce theconcentration of one or more non-hydrogen components of the reactionproduct stream from the hydrogen-producing region. In the context of afuel cell system, the hydrogen-generation assembly may be adapted toproduce at least substantially pure hydrogen gas, or even pure hydrogengas. For the purposes of the present disclosure, substantially purehydrogen gas refers to hydrogen gas that is greater than 90% pure, andoptionally greater than 95% pure, greater than 99% pure, or greater than99.5% pure. Illustrative, non-exclusive examples of suitable fuelprocessors are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,221,117, 5,997,594,5,861,137, and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2001/0045061,2003/0192251, and 2003/0223926. The complete disclosures of theabove-identified patents and published patent applications are herebyincorporated by reference for all purposes.

Reactant delivery system 110 may include any suitable flow-managementdevices 140, which may be mechanism(s) and/or structure(s) for carrying,guiding, restricting flow of, and/or driving fuel and/or oxidant betweenthe fuel and oxidant sources and the fuel cell stack via conduitassembly 128. The reactant delivery system and/or conduit assembly maybe considered distinct from the fuel source and/or the oxidant source,or may constitute a portion or all of one or both sources. The reactantdelivery system thus may include any suitable combination of conduits,valves, and/or drive mechanisms (to drive valve operation and/or fluidflow), among others. Each flow-management device may be operablemanually (i.e., requiring human effort or action), automatically (i.e.,by machine without the need for triggering or implementing human effortor action), or both. If operable manually, the flow-management devicemay be configured to be operated by hand or by a drive mechanism that iscontrolled by direct human action. Each flow-management device 140 maybe structured to exert any suitable effect on the flow rate and/or flowdirection of a fuel stream and/or oxidant stream between its respectivesource (120 and/or 122) and fuel cell stack 42. Accordingly, eachflow-management device 140 may function to increase or decrease thecorresponding fluid flow rate and/or to start or stop fluid flow.Alternatively, or in addition, each flow-management device 140 mayfunction to divert flow of fuel and/or oxidant to a distinct flow path.Illustrative flow-management devices may include a valve and/or a drivemechanism. Any suitable type of valve may be used, such as stopcock,bleed, needle, shut-off, pinch, angle, ball, check (to restrict reverseflow), butterfly, diaphragm, flipper, solenoid, globe, slide, gate, orthe like.

Fuel cell systems 22 and/or power delivery networks 20 according to thepresent disclosure may, but are not required to, also include a controlsystem 150. Control system 150 may include at least one controller 152(e.g., a microprocessor and/or a computing device, among others) thatselectively regulates the operation of the fuel cell system 22 and/orpower delivery network 20, such as by monitoring and/or controlling theoperation of various components and/or monitoring and/or controllingvarious operating parameters of fuel cell system 22 and/or powerdelivery network 20. The controller may have any suitable configuration,and may include software, firmware, and/or hardware components.

The control system may include any suitable number and type ofcommunication links for receiving input signals and for sending outputsignals (e.g., command signals). For the purpose of schematicillustration, controller 152 is shown in FIG. 3 in communication, viarespective communication links 154-166, with reactant delivery system110, fuel cell stack 42, and each of the power-management modules 74 andsensors 80. However, each of these communication links is optional andthus power delivery network 20 and/or fuel cell system 22 may beconfigured to have any suitable subset of the communication linksdepicted here. Furthermore, alternatively or in addition, the controllermay be in communication with and/or operatively coupled to any othersuitable portion of power delivery network 20. The control system mayinclude or be in communication with any suitable number and type ofsensors 80 for measuring various system or ambient parameters orcharacteristics (such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, current,voltage, capacity, composition, etc.) and communicating these values tothe controller.

Communication between control system 150 and any portion of powerdelivery network 20 may be mostly or exclusively one-way communicationor may include at least two-way communication. In some embodiments, thecontrol system 150 may include a plurality of controllers 152 incommunication with each other. For example, one of the controllers maybe a primary, or central, controller that coordinates and controls theactivity of one or more (or all) other controllers. Coupling and/orcommunication between the controllers and/or between a controller andeach other fuel cell system 22 and/or power delivery network 20component may be wired or wireless for each coupling and thus may beelectrical (e.g., conductive), electromagnetic (e.g., inductive and/orcapacitive coupling), optical, and/or the like.

The control system may automate and/or control any suitable aspects offuel cell system operation. For example, the control system may control(1) determination of a start time for performing maintenance, (2)initiation of fuel (and optionally oxidant) delivery (i.e., activationof the fuel cell stack) based on the start time, (3) electrical output,including output voltage, (4) maintenance duration, and/or the like.Accordingly, the control system may automate measurement and/oradjustment of fuel cell system 22 and/or power delivery network 20characteristics. Further optional aspects of methods that may beperformed by the control system of fuel cell system 22 and/or powerdelivery network 20 are described in relation to FIGS. 5-9.

Control system 150 may include a timer mechanism (a clock or timer) 168in communication with controller 152. The timer mechanism may measurerelative time (e.g., elapsed time since a particular event). Anillustrative, non-exclusive example of a relative time to be measuredincludes a time period since the fuel cell stack was last hydrated bymaintenance hydration and/or standard operation. Illustrative,non-exclusive examples of such a time period include at least one day,one week, two weeks, a month, etc. Other examples of relative time to bemeasured include a time period since maintenance hydration was lastattempted unsuccessfully and/or was initiated but not completed.Alternatively, or in addition, the timer may measure or keep track ofcalendar time, that is, date and/or time of day.

Controller 152 may operate reactant delivery system 110, such ashydrogen generation assembly 138 and/or one or more flow-managementdevice(s) 140 thereof, based on one or more time values measured bytimer mechanism 168. For example, the controller may be programmed orotherwise configured to initiate fuel delivery for maintenance hydrationin response to a preset elapsed time or preset start time measured bythe timer. The elapsed time and/or start time may be preset, orconfigured, to initiate maintenance hydration periodically with anysuitable frequency of hydration, such as one or more times per day, oneor more times per week, one or more times per month, etc. Accordingly,the fuel cell system may be programmed to perform automatic hydrationoperations on a regular or irregular basis when the fuel cell system isidle or dormant (i.e., not being used as an auxiliary power source inresponse to unavailability or insufficiency of the primary powersource). In some embodiments, one or more maintenance hydrationtreatments may be performed based on when the fuel cell system was lastoperated to generate power (i.e., in a power-generating configuration)or without regard to when the fuel system was used to generate power.

The control system, and particularly controller 152, may provideautomated control of activation and deactivation (or shutdown) of thefuel cell system. In particular, the control system may control deliveryof fuel and/or oxidant to the fuel cell stack. The controller thus maybe operatively coupled to any suitable portion of the reactant deliverysystem 110 to control configuring of the fuel cell system 22 for powergeneration (e.g., initiating delivery of one or more reactants to thefuel cell stack) and/or for inactivity (e.g., stopping delivery of oneor more reactants to the fuel cell stack). For example, the controllermay be operatively coupled to a flow-management device 140 thatinitiates or stops flow of a reactant, such as fuel and/or oxidant, torespectively activate or deactivate the fuel cell system. As usedherein, the fuel cell system may be referred to as being inactive, ordeactivated, when it is in any configuration that provides no deliveryof fuel 112 and/or oxidant 116 to the fuel cell stack 42. Accordingly,with the fuel cell system in the inactive configuration, the controlsystem 150 may be active but there may be no, or no substantial,generation of electrical output (and/or electrical potential) by thefuel cell stack and no, or no significant, formation of water fromreaction of the fuel and the oxidant.

Controller 152 may be adapted to control operation of reactant deliverysystem 110, and/or the flow of fuel and/or oxidant through conduitassembly 128, based at least in part on one or more fuel cell systemcharacteristics and/or ambient characteristics measured by sensor(s) 80.The characteristics may relate to a condition of the fuel cell systemitself, as measured by one or more illustrative sensors 96, 98associated with fuel cell stack 42, and/or may relate to the environmentoutside, but generally near, the fuel cell system, as represented byillustrative ambient sensors 94, 100. Illustrative characteristics maycorrespond to a fuel cell system temperature, ambient temperature, ahydration level of the fuel cell stack, ambient humidity, and/or thelike.

The controller's operations, such as the command signals generatedthereby, may be provided by or otherwise correspond to an algorithm fordetermining when a fuel cell system should be operated for maintenancehydration, and/or for how long the fuel cell system should be operatedfor maintenance hydration. The algorithm may consider any suitablecombination of ambient temperature, system temperature, sensed hydrationlevel of a fuel cell or fuel cell stack, ambient humidity, length oftime the fuel cell system has been inactive (since the most recentmaintenance hydration and/or since generation of electrical output),and/or the like. In some embodiments, hydration of the fuel cell systemmay be performed according to a preset value, such as a preset timeinterval between maintenance hydration treatments and/or since a fuelcell (or fuel cell stack or fuel cell system) was last in apower-generating configuration. However, the preset time interval may(but is not required to) be adjusted based on other measured conditionsand/or preset values, such as average ambient temperature, averageambient humidity, sensed hydration level of the fuel cell stack, apreset threshold temperature for performing a hydration treatment, apreset threshold hydration level for performing a hydration treatment,and/or the like.

Fuel cell system 22 may include any other suitable components. Forexample, fuel cell system 22 also may, but is not required to, include athermal management system. The thermal management system may be adaptedto regulate the temperature of any suitable portion of fuel cell system22, for example, maintaining the fuel cell stack within a predetermined,or selected, operating temperature range, such as below a maximumthreshold temperature, and/or above a minimum threshold temperature. Thethermal management system thus may include a cooling mechanism and/or aheating mechanism. For example, the thermal management system mayutilize a fluid that is propelled around a flow circuit by a pump. Thefluid may flow through and/or around fuel cell stack 42, to providecooling and/or heating of the fuel cell stack. The flow circuit may (butis not required to) include a thermostatic valve that operates to directthe fluid into the proximity of the cooling/heating mechanism, for heattransfer, or to divert the fluid away from the cooling/heating mechanismvia a detour, according to the temperature of the fuel cell stack and/orthe fluid. Any suitable cooling mechanism and/or heating mechanism maybe used in the fuel cell system. For example, the cooling mechanism mayinclude a radiator and at least one fan. In other embodiments, thecooling mechanism may include a refrigerating compressor, a Peltierdevice, a fan or blower, etc. Illustrative heating mechanisms mayinclude a resistive heater, a combustion heater (e.g., a gas heater), aninfrared lamp, a Peltier device, or the like. The temperature of thethermal control system may be measured by a temperature sensor. Anillustrative, non-exclusive example of suitable thermal managementsystems are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.2007/0042247, the complete disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference. Additional illustrative, non-exclusive examples of auxiliaryfuel cell systems, and components and configurations therefor, aredisclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0247961, thecomplete disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Fuel cell system 22 may include fuel cell stack 42 that includes atleast one fuel cell 46, and typically, a plurality of fuel cells 46. Thefuel cells may be electrically connected to one another, such as in aseries, and mechanically connected to provide fluid communicationbetween the fuel cells. Although not required by all embodiments, thefuel cells may be arranged face-to-face with one another, and in onestack or two or more adjacent stacks, or, for example, in more complexgeometrical arrangements.

The fuel cell stacks of the present disclosure may utilize any suitabletype of fuel cell, including but not limited to fuel cells that receivehydrogen gas and oxygen gas as proton sources and oxidants. Anillustrative, non-exclusive example of such a fuel cell is a protonexchange membrane (PEM), or solid polymer, fuel cell, although themaintenance hydration systems and methods of the present disclosure maybe used with other types of fuel cells in which maintaining thehydration level of the fuel cell after periods of inactivity isdesirable. For the purpose of illustration, an exemplary fuel cell 46 inthe form of a proton exchange member (PEM) fuel cell is schematicallyillustrated in FIG. 4.

Each fuel cell 46 may be structured to generate an electrical potentialusing discrete regions separated by a divider, or electrolytic barrier,180 (which also may be referred to as an electron barrier). For example,the fuel cell may include an anode region 182 (the anode regions arecollectively indicated schematically by “−”) and a cathode region 184(the cathode regions are collectively indicated schematically by “+”),with respective negative and positive electrical biases or chargesduring fuel cell operation. Electrolytic barrier 180 may act to dividethe fuel cell 46 such that the fuel and the oxidant do not freely mixwith one another, while permitting selective movement of positive chargethrough the barrier (and thus acting as an electron barrier). Thebarrier restricts contact, particularly substantial contact of the fueland oxidant, meaning that the fuel and the oxidant remain (mostly)separated from each other. However, while not necessarily desired orrequired by all embodiments, in some embodiments the electrolyticbarrier may permit a minor amount of leakage of the fuel and/or oxidantacross the barrier while still serving as a barrier. The electrolyticbarrier may be structured as a sheet- or membrane-supported electrolyte,for example, a proton exchange membrane 180 that permits passage ofprotons while blocking passage or flow of electrons, and as such mayalso be described as an ion exchange membrane.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells typically utilize amembrane-electrode assembly 186 consisting of an ion exchange, orelectrolytic, membrane 180 located between an anode region 182 and acathode region 184. Each region 182 and 184 includes an electrode 188,namely, an anode 190 and a cathode 192, respectively. Each region 182and 184 also includes a support 194, such as a supporting plate 196.Support 194 may form a portion of a bipolar plate assembly. Thesupporting plates 196 of fuel cell 46 may carry, or conduct, therelative voltage potential produced by the fuel cell.

In operation, hydrogen gas 114 from supply 120 is delivered to the anoderegion, and air (and/or oxygen) 118 from supply 122 is delivered to thecathode region. Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas may be delivered to therespective regions of the fuel cell via any suitable mechanism fromrespective supplies 120 and 122.

Hydrogen gas and oxygen gas typically react with one another via anoxidation-reduction reaction. Although electrolytic membrane 180restricts the passage of a hydrogen molecule (a fuel molecule), it willpermit a hydrogen ion (proton) to pass through it, largely due to theionic conductivity of the membrane. The free energy of theoxidation-reduction reaction drives the proton from the hydrogen gasthrough the barrier. As membrane 180 also tends not to be electricallyconductive, an external circuit 198 is the lowest energy path for theremaining electron. In cathode region 184, electrons from the externalcircuit and protons from the membrane combine with oxygen to producewater and heat.

Also shown in FIG. 4 are an anode purge, or exhaust, stream 200, whichmay contain hydrogen gas, and a cathode air exhaust stream, or cathodepurge stream, 202, which is typically at least partially, if notsubstantially, depleted of oxygen gas. Anode purge stream 200 may alsoinclude other components, such as nitrogen gas, water, and other gasesthat are present in the hydrogen gas or other fuel stream that isdelivered to the anode region. Cathode purge stream 202 will typicallyalso include water. Fuel cell stack 42 may include a common hydrogen (orother reactant/fuel) feed, air intake, and stack purge and exhauststreams, and accordingly may include suitable fluid conduits to deliverthe associated streams to, and collect the streams from, the individualfuel cells. Similarly, any suitable mechanism may be used forselectively purging the regions. It is also within the scope of thepresent disclosure that the hydrogen gas stream that is delivered to theanode region as a fuel stream may be (but is not required to be)recycled (via any suitable mechanism and/or via a suitable recycleconduit from the anode region) to reduce the amount of hydrogen gas thatis wasted or otherwise exhausted in anode purge stream 200. As anillustrative, non-exclusive example, the hydrogen gas in the anoderegion may be recycled for redelivery to the anode region via a recyclepump and an associated recycle conduit. In such an embodiment, therecycle pump may draw hydrogen gas from the anode region of a fuel cell(or fuel cell stack) and redeliver the recycled hydrogen gas via therecycle conduit to the anode region of the fuel cell (and/or a differentfuel cell or fuel cell stack).

In practice, fuel cell stack 42 may include a plurality of fuel cells 46with bipolar plate assemblies or other suitable supports separatingadjacent membrane-electrode assemblies. The supports may permit the freeelectrons to pass from the anode region of a first cell to the cathoderegion of the adjacent cell via the bipolar plate assembly, therebyestablishing an electrical potential through the stack. This electricalpotential may create a net flow of electrons that produces an electriccurrent, which may be used to satisfy an applied load, such as from anenergy-consuming device(s) 64.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart 220 representing an illustrative, non-exclusiveexample of a method 222 of performing maintenance hydration of a fuelcell system 22 serving as a backup (or auxiliary) power source in apower delivery network 20. Method 222 may include any suitablecombination of the method steps presented here and in FIGS. 6-9 and themethod steps may be performed in any suitable order. Each method steppresented and/or described in the present disclosure may be included inor omitted from the method, as appropriate. If included, each methodstep may be performed once, twice, or more times. In addition, in someembodiments, one or more of the method steps may be performedconditionally, that is, only if one or more conditions are met by system22, power delivery network 20, and/or the ambient environment.Furthermore, any suitable portion or all of each method 222 describedherein may be performed automatically, for example, controlled by acontrol system 150 and/or controller(s) 152 of system 22 and/or powerdelivery network 20, may be controlled or performed mechanically, or maybe controlled manually by a person.

The method may be performed under control of a program run by acontroller. Accordingly, the method may be embodied in computer programcode carrying instructions and stored on tangible computer-readablestorage media (e.g., hard drives, CD-ROMs, floppy disks, etc.). Inparticular, when the computer program code is loaded and executed by thecontroller, the controller becomes an apparatus for practicing themethod in conjunction with other portions of a power delivery network.In some embodiments, the computer program code may be received fromanother source via data transmission, such as fiber optics,electromagnetic radiation, electrical conductors (e.g., wires, cables,etc.), or the like.

Method 222 may include a step of determining a start time for performingmaintenance hydration, as indicated at 224. Determining a start time, asused herein, may include selecting a start time, establishing a starttime, identifying a start time, and/or starting maintenance hydration.The start time may be determined by any suitable criteria. For example,the start time may be determined based, at least in part, on when thefuel cell system was last activated by fuel delivery, last operated toprovide backup power, and/or last operated to perform maintenancehydration. Accordingly, the start time may be determined, for example,based, at least in part, on a time interval measured by timer 168 underthe direction of controller 152. Alternatively, or in addition, thestart time may be determined based, at least in part, on one or moresignals received from at least one sensor 80. The start time thus may bebased, at least in part, on a threshold level of dehydration measured bya hydration sensor of fuel cell stack 42, an electrical characteristicof the primary power source, an electrical characteristic of the appliedload, an ambient temperature, an ambient humidity, and/or the like.

Method 222 also may include a step of initiating delivery of at leastfuel to the fuel cell stack, as indicated at 226. The step of initiatingdelivery may involve initiating delivery of any suitable reactants tothe fuel cell stack, for example, delivery of fuel and oxidant ordelivery of fuel only, such as if an oxidant is already available to thefuel cell stack. In any case, the step of initiating delivery may bedescribed as activating the fuel cell stack and/or fuel cell system forpower generation. “Activating” or “activation,” as used herein, meansproviding the fuel cell stack 42 with a complete set of reactants (fueland oxidant) for electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell stack,whether or not a load is drawing power from the fuel cell stack. Thestep of initiating delivery thus may activate the fuel cell stack toplace the fuel cell stack in an active configuration from an inactiveconfiguration, in which the fuel cell stack was not being supplied withat least one reactant and thus was not generating power. Initiatingdelivery of fuel may result in a stream of fuel that is substantiallyconstant over time or that varies (e.g., an increasing and/or decreasingvolume of fuel being delivered per unit time). Furthermore, the step ofinitiating delivery may include operating the reactant delivery system,such as operating a flow-management device (e.g., opening a valve(s))and/or processing fuel from a feedstock, among others.

The step of initiating delivery of fuel and/or reactants may beperformed according to the start time determined at 224 in method 222.The term “according to the start time,” as used herein, generallyincludes “based on the start time” or “in correspondence with the starttime.” Accordingly, the step of initiating delivery may, for example,start exactly or nearly exactly at the start time or after passage of arelatively short delay after the start time (such as within about onesecond, one minute, or one hour of the start time). The delay may becaused by one or more procedures conducted by method 222 and/or network20 before fuel delivery is initiated. Illustrative procedures mayinclude testing aspects of the network 20 (e.g., testing whether theload is sufficient, testing the stability of the load, measuring fuelcell stack hydration, measuring an electrical characteristic of theprimary power source, etc.) and/or establishing generation of a fuelfrom a feedstock or release of fuel from a stored form, among others.

Determination of a start time may involve selecting a start time in thefuture. Accordingly, method 222 optionally may include a step ofmonitoring elapsed time, as indicated generally at 228, until the starttime has been reached. For example, method 222 may include a conditionaldecision point that compares the elapsed time with the target starttime, as indicated at 230, to determine whether or not the start timehas been reached. If the start time has not been reached, the method mayinclude waiting, as indicated at 232, for an additional time period andthen performing the comparison again. The resulting “wait and compare”loop may be repeated until the start time is reached. If the start timehas been reached, method 222 may exit the loop and proceed to the nextstep of performing maintenance hydration, such as initiation of fueldelivery 226. Although referred to in the context of initiating fueldelivery, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that thisstep may include initiating oxidant, such as air, delivery. In someembodiments, determination of a start time may include selecting thepresent time as the start time. For example, one or more sensors may beused, directly or indirectly (e.g., via a controller), to determine thestart time and thus may trigger performance (or attempted performance)of maintenance hydration upon measurement of a threshold value.Accordingly, method 222 may proceed directly to the next step of themethod, such as step 226, without waiting after determination of thestart time.

Method 222 also may include regulating a voltage of the fuel cellsystem, as indicated at 234, which may be performed automatically and/ormanually. Regulating the voltage generally includes any manipulation oradjustment of the output voltage of fuel cell system 22 to achieve anoutput voltage at which an applied load of the energy-consuming assemblyis at least partially satisfied by fuel cell power in place of availableprimary power. Accordingly, regulating the voltage may include settingor adjusting the output voltage of the fuel cell system (1) to apredefined setpoint that is known or expected to be higher than thevoltage of the primary power source, (2) according to, or responsive to,a measured voltage (or other measured electrical characteristic) of theprimary power source, and/or (3) to progressively higher levels untilthe fuel cell system is generating sufficient power (and/or until athreshold voltage is reached and/or exceeded).

The step of regulating voltage 234, if not performed successfully, maybe followed, as indicated with a dashed line 236, by a step of stoppingfuel delivery, as indicated at 238. Stated differently, the fuel cellstack may be deactivated by terminating fuel (and/or oxidant) deliveryif a sufficient output voltage cannot be achieved at the present time. Anew or next start time also may be determined, as indicated at 224,before, during, and/or after the step of stopping fuel delivery. The newor next start time may correspond to the next scheduled periodicmaintenance (i.e., by canceling rather than postponing the currentmaintenance treatment) or may be much sooner than the next periodicmaintenance, such as in one hour or less or one day or less.

Regulation of the voltage 234, if performed successfully, may lead to astep of supplying power, as indicated at 240, from fuel cell system 22to the energy-consuming assembly 28 to satisfy at least a portion, ifnot all, of the applied load from the energy-consuming assembly whilethe primary power source 24 is generating an electrical output andavailable to satisfy the portion (or all) of the applied load beingsatisfied by the electrical output of the fuel cell stack of fuel cellsystem 22. The step of supplying power generally includes generatingwater to increase hydration of the fuel cell stack 42. In addition, thestep of supplying power may include generating fuel cell power at anysuitable percentage of the full capacity for power generation by thefuel cell stack 42, such as at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, ormore of full capacity.

The step of supplying power may be performed for any suitable hydrationinterval to achieve a maintenance hydration treatment after a period offuel cell inactivity. As used herein, the term “hydration interval” mayrefer to a period during which water is generated in the fuel cellstack. As discussed, the hydration interval may correspond to a periodin which the fuel cell stack is generating power that displaces at leasta portion of available primary power. The term “maintenance hydrationtreatment,” as used herein, may refer to supplying power for a hydrationinterval sufficient to substantially increase hydration of the fuel cellstack, such as increasing the amount of hydration by at least 10%, 25%,or 50%, among others. The maintenance hydration treatment may beperformed in a predetermined fashion, such as for a predetermined periodof time and/or for a predetermined amount of supplied power, hydration,and/or water generation, among others.

As used herein, “period of inactivity” refers to a period in which thefuel cell stack has not been used to generate an electrical output formore than at least a threshold period of time, such as at least one day,one week, two weeks, one month, or more, and/or for a period sufficientto reduce hydration of the fuel cell stack substantially. “Period ofinactivity” thus does not encompass a momentary interruption in the fuelcell stack being in a power-generating configuration, such as in whichthe hydration state of the fuel cell stack has not appreciablydeteriorated from when the fuel cell stack was in a power-generatingconfiguration.

Method 222 may include a decision process 242 that determines whether ornot the maintenance hydration treatment is complete. For example,decision process 242 may determine if fuel cell power has been suppliedfor a predetermined period of time and/or for a predetermined amount ofsupplied power, hydration, and/or water generation, among others. If thetreatment is not complete, as indicated at 244, the step of supplyingpower may be continued. If the treatment is complete, as indicated at246, at least fuel delivery may be stopped, as indicated at 238, andanother start time may be determined, as indicated at 224.

FIG. 6 is a fragmentary flowchart 260 presenting selected portions ofmethod 222 and showing an illustrative approach to regulating voltage,as indicated at 234, in method 222. The approach presented here may beperformed whether or not the voltage of the primary power source isknown, but may be particularly suitable when this voltage is unknown. Ata suitable timepoint after initiation of fuel delivery, as indicated at226, a sensor 80 may measure an electrical characteristic of the fuelcell system corresponding to auxiliary power (fuel cell power), asindicated at 262. The auxiliary power may be measured using any suitablesensed electrical characteristic.

A decision process 264 then may determine whether or not the measuredfuel cell power is sufficient for maintenance hydration. If sufficient(e.g., if at and/or above a threshold power value), as indicated at 266,the method may proceed to supplying power, as indicated at 240, to theenergy-consuming assembly 28. If not sufficient (e.g., if below thethreshold power value), as indicated at 268, method 222 may proceed to asecond decision process 270 that determines whether or not the outputvoltage of the fuel cell stack has reached and/or exceeded a thresholdvoltage. If the threshold voltage has been reached and/or exceeded, asindicated at 272, method 222 may proceed to stopping fuel delivery, asindicated at 238, and also may proceed, as indicated at 274, todetermining another start time (see FIG. 5). If the threshold voltagehas not been reached and/or exceeded, as indicated at 276, method 222may proceed to a step of increasing the output voltage, as indicated at278, from the fuel cell stack 42. The fuel cell power then may bemeasured (again), as indicated at 262. The step of increasing thevoltage may be performed incrementally with each cycle through thevoltage regulation loop. The voltage may be increased by the sameincrement in each cycle, such as 0.1-1.0 volt per cycle, or about 0.1,0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 volt per cycle, among others. Alternatively, the sizeof the increase may vary within the scope of the present disclosure.This method, or process, may be referred to as incrementally increasingthe voltage of the electrical output of the fuel cell stack until eithera sufficient portion of the electrical output of the primary source isdisplaced (i.e., a sufficient portion of the applied load is now beingsatisfied by the fuel cell system instead of the primary power sourcedespite the primary power source generating an electrical output) oruntil a threshold fuel cell voltage is reached or exceeded.

FIG. 7 is a fragmentary flowchart 280 presenting selected portions ofmethod 222 and showing an illustrative approach to monitoring stabilityof the power supplied from the fuel cell system. The stability of thefuel cell power may be monitored, as indicated at 282, as primary poweris being supplied, as indicated at 240, to energy-consuming assembly 28.Monitoring the fuel cell power may include a step of measuring thesupplied fuel cell power, as indicated at 284. The step of measuring maybe performed multiple times to provide a measure of fuel cell power overtime. Method 222 then may proceed to a decision process 286 thatdetermines whether or not the fuel cell power is sufficiently stable forperformance of maintenance hydration. For example, decision process 286may determine whether or not fuel cell power varies by more than athreshold amount. In any case, if decision process 286 determines thatthe fuel cell power is sufficiently stable, as indicated at 288, thestep of supplying fuel cell power, as indicated at 240, may becontinued. In contrast, if decision process 286 determines that the fuelcell power is not sufficiently stable, as indicated at 290, the step ofsupplying power may be stopped by performing the step of stopping fueldelivery, as indicated at 238. Method 222 optionally may proceed, asindicated at 274, to determining another start time (see FIG. 5) toattempt maintenance hydration again. For example, maintenance hydration(e.g., regulating voltage and supplying power) may be attempted againafter waiting a predetermined time period. Illustrative, non-exclusiveexamples of such time periods include 1 week or less, 3 days or less, 1day or less, 12 hours or less, 6 hours or less, 2 hours or less, 1 houror less, or about 1, 5, 10, 30, or 60 minutes, among others.

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary flowchart 300 presenting selected portions ofillustrative method 222 and showing an illustrative approach for testingan applied load prior to initiating fuel delivery. The applied load maybe tested, as indicated at 302, according to the start time. The step oftesting the applied load may include a step of measuring the appliedload, as indicated at 304. Method 222 then may proceed to a decisionprocess 306 that determines whether or not the measured load issufficient for performing maintenance hydration with the fuel cellsystem. If the load is not sufficient, as indicated at 308, method 222may proceed to determination of another start time, as indicated at 224,such as another start time after passage of a predetermined timeinterval. If the load is sufficient, as indicated at 310, method 222 mayproceed to the step of initiating fuel delivery, as indicated at 226. Insome embodiments, the step of testing the applied load, as indicated at302, may be performed after the step of initiating fuel delivery, asindicated at 226. Accordingly, if fuel delivery has been initiatedbefore testing the applied load, fuel delivery may be stopped if theapplied load is determined to be insufficient for maintenance hydration.

FIG. 9 is a fragmentary flowchart 320 for selected portions ofillustrative method 222 and shows an illustrative approach to regulatingthe voltage of the fuel cell system. Method 222 may include a step ofmeasuring a primary voltage, as indicated at 312. The “primary voltage,”as used herein, means the voltage at which the primary power source issupplying primary power to the energy-consuming assembly. The step ofmeasuring a primary voltage may be performed by measuring any suitableelectrical characteristic of the primary power source related to itsprimary voltage. Measurement of primary voltage may be performed at anysuitable time, such as before or after the step of initiating fueldelivery, as indicated at 226. The step of regulating voltage of thefuel cell system, as indicated at 234, then may be performed accordingto the measured primary voltage. For example, the output voltage of thefuel cell stack may be adjusted to a level that is above the measuredprimary voltage, such as a predetermined amount above the measuredprimary voltage (e.g., at least 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 volts, among others,above the primary voltage). In some embodiments, the primary voltage maybe measured repeatedly during maintenance hydration to enable adjustmentof the output voltage of the fuel cell stack, if needed, due tovariation in the measured primary voltage.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure may be described as beingdirected to a storage medium encoded with a machine readable computerprogram code, the code including instructions for causing a controllerto implement a method of performing maintenance hydration of a fuel cellsystem serving as an auxiliary power source for an energy-consumingassembly that is disposed in electrical communication with a primarypower source. In such an embodiment, the method may include any of themethods described, illustrated, and/or incorporated herein. As anillustrative, non-exclusive example, the method may include at leastdetermining a start time for maintenance of the fuel cell system,activating the fuel cell system from an inactive condition according tothe start time by initiating delivery of at least fuel to a fuel cellstack of the system, and supplying power from the activated fuel cellsystem to satisfy at least a portion of an applied load from theenergy-consuming assembly. In such an example, the power from the fuelcell system may be supplied at an output voltage that is higher than avoltage at which power from the primary power source is being suppliedto the energy-consuming assembly, such that the energy-consumingassembly uses, at least in part, the power from the fuel cell systeminstead of the power from the primary power source, thereby operatingthe fuel cell system for power generation and associated hydration whilethe primary power source is available.

In some embodiments, the present disclosure may be described as beingdirected to a set of data signals that include instructions for causinga controller to implement a method of performing maintenance hydrationof a fuel cell system serving as an auxiliary power source for anenergy-consuming assembly that is disposed in electrical communicationwith a primary power source. In such an embodiment, the method mayinclude any of the methods described, illustrated, and/or incorporatedherein. As an illustrative, non-exclusive example, the method mayinclude at least determining a start time for maintenance of the fuelcell system, activating the fuel cell system from an inactive conditionaccording to the start time by initiating delivery of at least fuel to afuel cell stack of the system, and supplying power from the activatedfuel cell system to satisfy at least a portion of an applied load fromthe energy-consuming assembly. In such an example, the power from thefuel cell system may be supplied at an output voltage that is higherthan a voltage at which power from the primary power source is beingsupplied to the energy-consuming assembly, such that theenergy-consuming assembly uses, at least in part, the power from thefuel cell system instead of the power from the primary power source,thereby operating the fuel cell system for power generation andassociated hydration while the primary power source is available.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The fuel cell systems disclosed herein are applicable to theenergy-production industries, and more particularly to the fuel cellindustries.

It is believed that the disclosure set forth above encompasses multipledistinct inventions with independent utility. While each of theseinventions has been disclosed in its preferred form, the specificembodiments thereof as disclosed and illustrated herein are not to beconsidered in a limiting sense as numerous variations are possible. Thesubject matter of the inventions includes all novel and non-obviouscombinations and subcombinations of the various elements, features,functions and/or properties disclosed herein. Similarly, where theclaims recite “a” or “a first” element or the equivalent thereof, suchclaims should be understood to include incorporation of one or more suchelements, neither requiring nor excluding two or more such elements.

It is believed that the following claims particularly point out certaincombinations and subcombinations that are directed to one of thedisclosed inventions and are novel and non-obvious. Inventions embodiedin other combinations and subcombinations of features, functions,elements and/or properties may be claimed through amendment of thepresent claims or presentation of new claims in this or a relatedapplication. Such amended or new claims, whether they are directed to adifferent invention or directed to the same invention, whetherdifferent, broader, narrower, or equal in scope to the original claims,are also regarded as included within the subject matter of theinventions of the present disclosure.

1. A method of performing maintenance hydration of a fuel cell systemserving as an auxiliary power source for an energy-consuming assemblythat is disposed in electrical communication with a primary powersource, the method comprising: determining a start time for maintenanceof the fuel cell system; activating the fuel cell system from aninactive condition according to the start time by initiating delivery ofat least fuel to a fuel cell stack of the system; and supplying powerfrom the activated fuel cell system to satisfy at least a portion of anapplied load from the energy-consuming assembly, wherein the power fromthe fuel cell system is supplied at an output voltage that is higherthan a voltage at which power from the primary power source is beingsupplied to the energy-consuming assembly, such that theenergy-consuming assembly uses, at least in part, the power from thefuel cell system instead of the power from the primary power source,thereby operating the fuel cell system for power generation andassociated hydration while the primary power source is available.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the step of supplying power is continued fora hydration interval and then is stopped after completion of apredetermined maintenance hydration treatment.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein the hydration interval corresponds to a predetermined timeinterval, and wherein the step of supplying power is stopped after thepower from the fuel cell system has been supplied to theenergy-consuming assembly for the predetermined time interval.
 4. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the predetermined maintenance hydrationtreatment corresponds to a predetermined amount of power supplied fromthe fuel cell system, and wherein the step of supplying power is stoppedafter the predetermined amount of power has been supplied to theenergy-consuming assembly from the fuel cell system by the step ofsupplying power.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of supplyingpower is stopped after a predetermined amount of water has beengenerated in the fuel cell stack by the step of supplying power.
 6. Themethod of claim 2, further comprising a step of monitoring acharacteristic of the power supplied from the fuel cell system duringthe step of supplying power, wherein the step of supplying power isstopped before the predetermined maintenance hydration treatment hasbeen completed if the step of monitoring indicates that the powersupplied from the fuel cell system does not meet one or morepredetermined criteria.
 7. The method of claim 6, further comprising astep of repeating the steps of determining a start time, activating thefuel cell system, and supplying power if the step of supplying power isstopped before the predetermined maintenance hydration treatment hasbeen completed.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step ofdetermining a start time includes a step of determining a start timecorresponding to a predetermined period of inactivity of the fuel cellsystem.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of determining astart time includes a step of determining a start time at least in partaccording to a measured parameter of the fuel cell system, a measuredparameter outside the fuel cell system, or both.
 10. The method of claim9, further comprising a step of measuring at least one parameterselected from the group consisting of temperature, humidity, andhydration, wherein the step of measuring at least one parameter providesthe measured parameter according to which the start time is at leastpartially determined.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the steps ofdetermining a start time, activating the fuel cell system, and supplyingpower are performed automatically.
 12. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising a step of adjusting the output voltage of the fuel cellsystem.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of adjusting theoutput voltage includes a step of increasing the output voltage, ifneeded, to supply power from the fuel cell system at an output voltagethat is higher than the voltage of power from the primary power source.14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of increasing the outputvoltage includes a step of increasing the output voltage (a) until thefuel cell system is generating power above a threshold level or (b)until the output voltage reaches and/or exceeds a threshold value,whichever comes first, and wherein, if the output voltage reaches and/orexceeds the threshold value first, the steps of activating the fuel cellsystem and increasing the output voltage are repeated one or more timesuntil the fuel cell system is generating power above the threshold levelsuch that the step of supplying power can be performed.
 15. The methodof claim 14, wherein, if the output voltage reaches and/or exceeds thethreshold value, the steps of activating the fuel cell system andincreasing the output voltage are repeated after waiting a predeterminedtime interval.
 16. The method of claim 12, further comprising a step ofmeasuring an electrical characteristic of the power from the primarypower source, wherein the step of adjusting the voltage is based atleast in part on the step of measuring an electrical characteristic ofthe power from the primary power source.
 17. The method of claim 1,further comprising a step of measuring the applied load from theenergy-consuming assembly before the step of activating the fuel cellsystem, wherein the step of activating the fuel cell system is postponedif the applied load does not meet one or more predetermined criteria.18. A fuel cell system with maintenance hydration while serving as anauxiliary power source for an energy-consuming assembly that is disposedin electrical communication with a primary power source, the fuel cellsystem comprising: a fuel cell stack; a reactant delivery system fordelivering at least a fuel to the fuel cell stack for generation ofelectrical output; an output circuit for conducting the electricaloutput to the energy-consuming assembly; and a controller operativelycoupled to at least the reactant delivery system and the output circuitand configured to (1) determine a start time for maintenance of the fuelcell system, (2) activate the fuel cell system from an inactivecondition according to the start time by initiating delivery of at leastfuel to the fuel cell stack from the reactant delivery system, and (3)regulate an output voltage at which the electrical output is conductedto the energy-consuming assembly from the activated fuel cell stack suchthat power is supplied from the activated fuel cell system to satisfy atleast a portion of an applied load from the energy-consuming assembly,wherein the power from the fuel cell system is supplied at an outputvoltage that is higher than a voltage at which power from the primarypower source is being supplied to the energy-consuming assembly, suchthat the energy-consuming assembly uses, at least in part, the powerfrom the fuel cell system instead of the power from the primary powersource, thereby operating the fuel cell system for power generation andassociated hydration while the primary power source is available. 19.The fuel cell system of claim 18, wherein the controller is configuredto permit supplying of the power from the fuel cell system to theenergy-consuming assembly for a hydration interval and then to stop thesupplying of the power after completion of a predetermined maintenancehydration treatment.
 20. The fuel cell system of claim 19, wherein thehydration interval corresponds to a predetermined time interval, andwherein the controller is configured to stop the supplying of powerafter the power from the fuel cell system has been supplied to theenergy-consuming assembly for the predetermined time interval.
 21. Thefuel cell system of claim 19, wherein the predetermined maintenancehydration treatment corresponds to a predetermined amount of powersupplied from the fuel cell system, and wherein the controller isconfigured to stop the supplying of the power after the predeterminedamount of power has been supplied to the energy-consuming assembly fromthe fuel cell system.
 22. The fuel cell system of claim 19, wherein theoutput circuit includes a sensor for monitoring a characteristic of thepower supplied to the energy-consuming assembly from the fuel cellsystem, and wherein the controller is configured to stop the supplyingof the power from the fuel cell system to the energy-consuming assemblybefore the predetermined maintenance hydration treatment has beencompleted if one or more signals from the sensor indicate that the powersupplied from the fuel cell system does not meet one or morepredetermined criteria.
 23. The fuel cell system of claim 22, whereinthe controller is configured to repeat determination of a start time,activation of the fuel cell system, and regulation of an output voltageif the controller stops the supplying of the power before thepredetermined maintenance hydration treatment has been completed. 24.The fuel cell system of claim 18, wherein the output circuit includes asensor for measuring a characteristic of the electrical output, andwherein the controller is operatively coupled to the sensor andconfigured to regulate the output voltage according to one or moresignals received from the sensor.
 25. The fuel cell system of claim 18,wherein the controller is configured to determine a start timecorresponding to a predetermined period of inactivity of the fuel cellsystem.
 26. The fuel cell system of claim 18, further comprising asensor operatively coupled to the controller and configured to measureat least one parameter selected from the group consisting oftemperature, humidity, and hydration, wherein the controller isconfigured to determine the start time at least in part based on one ormore signals received from the sensor.
 27. The fuel cell system of claim24, wherein the controller is configured to increase the output voltage(a) until the fuel cell system is generating power above a thresholdlevel or (b) until the output voltage reaches and/or exceeds a thresholdvalue, whichever comes first, and wherein, if the output voltage reachesand/or exceeds the threshold value first, the controller is configuredto repeat determination of a start time, activation of the fuel cellsystem, and adjustment of the output voltage one or more times until thefuel cell system is generating power above the threshold level.
 28. Thefuel cell system of claim 27, wherein the controller is configured torepeat determination of a start time, activation of the fuel cellsystem, and adjustment of the output voltage after waiting apredetermined time interval, if the output voltage reaches and/orexceeds the threshold value.
 29. The fuel cell system of claim 19,further comprising a sensor for measuring an electrical characteristicof the power from the primary power source, wherein the controller isconfigured to regulate the output voltage based at least in part on oneor more signals received from the sensor.
 30. A fuel cell system withmaintenance hydration while serving as an auxiliary power source for anenergy-consuming assembly that is disposed in electrical communicationwith a primary power source, the fuel cell system comprising: a fuelcell stack; means for periodically supplying power from the fuel cellstack to satisfy at least a portion of an applied load from theenergy-consuming assembly, wherein the power from the fuel cell systemis supplied at an output voltage that is higher than a voltage at whichpower from the primary power source is being supplied to theenergy-consuming assembly, such that the energy-consuming assembly uses,at least in part, the power from the fuel cell system instead of thepower from the primary source, thereby operating the fuel cell systemfor power generation and associated hydration while the primary powersource is available.